A few weeks ago, I wrote about fixing the VDO windshield washer pump in a vintage European car. As part of that, I quickly ...

Circuit breakers are used in nearly all electrical systems — from residential dwellings to electric utility facilities. We rely on them to protect our systems from damaging overcurrents and short ...

This white paper examines pneumatic design best practices and presents four basic pneumatic circuits commonly used in machine automation. The four basic pneumatic circuits examined in the paper ...

Last, but not least, we like to look at the I/O (Input/Output) circuits during EMI circuit board reviews. As a port of entry for external currents, I/O circuits are particularly vulnerable to threats ...

Understanding the branch-circuit requirements in Art. 210 is critical to completing Code-compliant installations. Article 100 defines a “branch circuit” as the ...

After the critical circuits, we like to examine the printed-circuit board (PCB) stackup. Like the schematic, board stackup decisions are often made prior to routing and placement, so this is a good ...

• Every flex circuit has a neutral-bend axis. • Smaller circuit thickness reduces the risk of damage when flexed. • Detailed information on safe bend radii is found in IPC-2223. Flex circuitry can be ...

Operational amplifiers are a basic component that are discussed in most analog electronics text books. Their origins are primarily military and Walt Jung provides a very thoroughly researched history ...