Cellular nutrients come in many forms, including sugars and fats. In order to provide a cell with energy, these molecules have to pass across the cell membrane, which functions as a barrier ...

also referred to as the Valley or Banana function, is a popular test problem for gradient-based optimization algorithms. It is shown in the plot above in its two-dimensional form. The function is ...

The Branin, or Branin-Hoo, function has three global minima. The recommended values of a, b, c, r, s and t are: a = 1, b = 5.1 ⁄ (4π 2), c = 5 ⁄ π, r = 6, s = 10 and t = 1 ⁄ (8π). This rescaled form ...