"Energy transition" is a very common term but has no official definition. This article reviews the four key theories and what they tell us about the present and future.

The global energy transition stands at a critical point. Around the world, economies are striving to cut carbon emissions while keeping energy affordable and secure. Yet progress remains uneven.

The global energy landscape is increasingly polarized between "petrostates" prioritizing fossil fuels (like the US, Saudi Arabia, and Russia) and "electrostates" pursuing electrification and clean ...