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Business Cycle Council Methodology

The C.D. Howe Business Cycle Council defines a downturn as a recession if there is, broadly speaking, a persistent, pronounced, and pervasive decline in aggregate economic activity. In other words, to ...
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Geoff Smith

Geoff Smith is the former President & Chief Executive Officer of EllisDon, an employee-owned, $6 billion-a-year construction services and technology company. Geoff stepped down as President and CEO in ...
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US Demand Supports Many Canadian Jobs

According to the latest available data, many Canadian industries rely heavily on US demand, with resource-based sectors being the most exposed. In 2022, nearly half of forestry and logging jobs (49.3 ...
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Harnessing Immigrant Talent: Reducing Overqualification and Strengthening the Immigration System

Citation Mahboubi, Parisa, and Tingting Zhang. 2024. Harnessing Immigrant Talent: Reducing Overqualification and Strengthening the Immigration System. ###. Toronto: C ...
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Another Day Older and Deeper in Debt: The Fiscal Implications of Demographic Change for Ottawa and the Provinces

Citation Robson, William B.P., and Parisa Mahboubi. 2024. Another Day Older and Deeper in Debt: The Fiscal Implications of Demographic Change for Ottawa and the Provinces. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe ...
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The Tax Credit That Could Give Millions of Canadians a Pension | Alex Mazer and Keith Ambachtsheer

More than 9 million Canadians don’t have a company pension plan because they work for a small business that doesn’t think it can afford one. Finance veteran Keith Ambachtsheer and industry leader Alex ...
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Getting Math Instruction Right: Strategies for Improving Achievement in Canada

Citation Anna Stokke. 2026. Getting Math Instruction Right: Strategies for Improving Achievement in Canada. E-Brief 379. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: Getting Math Instruction Right: ...
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Breaking the Barriers to Housing Supply in Canada: Regulatory, Financial, and Structural Constraints and Policy Solutions

Citation. 2026. Breaking the Barriers to Housing Supply in Canada: Regulatory, Financial, and Structural Constraints and Policy Solutions. Communiqué. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: ...
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The Case of the Boiling Frogs: Provincial Indifference to Declining Education Outcomes

Citation John Richards. 2025. The Case of the Boiling Frogs: Provincial Indifference to Declining Education Outcomes. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: The Case of the Boiling Frogs: ...
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Buyers Beware: The Cost of Barriers to Building Housing in Canadian Cities

Citation Benjamin Dachis. 2023. Buyers Beware: The Cost of Barriers to Building Housing in Canadian Cities. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: Buyers Beware: The Cost of Barriers to ...
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The Big Squeeze: Lessons from the Trans Mountain Pipeline about the Costs of Invisible Bottlenecks

Citation Kent Fellows. 2024. The Big Squeeze: Lessons from the Trans Mountain Pipeline about the Costs of Invisible Bottlenecks. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: The Big Squeeze: Lessons ...
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Canada’s Rising Debt Levels and the Outlook for Interest Costs

Government debt interest costs depend on the level of debt, the maturity structure of that debt, and prevailing interest rates across that structure. Concerningly, market debt for federal and ...