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Business Cycle Council Methodology

The C.D. Howe Business Cycle Council defines a downturn as a recession if there is, broadly speaking, a persistent, pronounced, and pervasive decline in aggregate economic activity. In other words, to ...
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Geoff Smith

Geoff Smith is the former President & Chief Executive Officer of EllisDon, an employee-owned, $6 billion-a-year construction services and technology company. Geoff stepped down as President and CEO in ...
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Harnessing Immigrant Talent: Reducing Overqualification and Strengthening the Immigration System

Citation Mahboubi, Parisa, and Tingting Zhang. 2024. Harnessing Immigrant Talent: Reducing Overqualification and Strengthening the Immigration System. ###. Toronto: C ...
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Another Day Older and Deeper in Debt: The Fiscal Implications of Demographic Change for Ottawa and the Provinces

Citation Robson, William B.P., and Parisa Mahboubi. 2024. Another Day Older and Deeper in Debt: The Fiscal Implications of Demographic Change for Ottawa and the Provinces. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe ...
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Getting Math Instruction Right: Strategies for Improving Achievement in Canada

Citation Anna Stokke. 2026. Getting Math Instruction Right: Strategies for Improving Achievement in Canada. E-Brief 379. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: Getting Math Instruction Right: ...
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The Tax Credit That Could Give Millions of Canadians a Pension | Alex Mazer and Keith Ambachtsheer

More than 9 million Canadians don’t have a company pension plan because they work for a small business that doesn’t think it can afford one. Finance veteran Keith Ambachtsheer and industry leader Alex ...
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Breaking the Barriers to Housing Supply in Canada: Regulatory, Financial, and Structural Constraints and Policy Solutions

Citation. 2026. Breaking the Barriers to Housing Supply in Canada: Regulatory, Financial, and Structural Constraints and Policy Solutions. Communiqué. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: ...
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The Case of the Boiling Frogs: Provincial Indifference to Declining Education Outcomes

Citation John Richards. 2025. The Case of the Boiling Frogs: Provincial Indifference to Declining Education Outcomes. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: The Case of the Boiling Frogs: ...
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Buyers Beware: The Cost of Barriers to Building Housing in Canadian Cities

Citation Benjamin Dachis. 2023. Buyers Beware: The Cost of Barriers to Building Housing in Canadian Cities. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: Buyers Beware: The Cost of Barriers to ...
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US Demand Supports Many Canadian Jobs

According to the latest available data, many Canadian industries rely heavily on US demand, with resource-based sectors being the most exposed. In 2022, nearly half of forestry and logging jobs (49.3 ...
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The Big Squeeze: Lessons from the Trans Mountain Pipeline about the Costs of Invisible Bottlenecks

Citation Kent Fellows. 2024. The Big Squeeze: Lessons from the Trans Mountain Pipeline about the Costs of Invisible Bottlenecks. ###. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: The Big Squeeze: Lessons ...
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Untying the Gordian Knot: Reforming Canada’s Postal Market

Citation Erik De Lorenzi. 2026. Untying the Gordian Knot: Reforming Canada’s Postal Market. 721. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Page Title: Untying the Gordian Knot: Reforming Canada’s Postal Market – ...