The 52-48 overnight vote puts pressure on the GOP-controlled House, which plans to take up its own competing budget resolution next week.

The Senate's budget framework is at odds with the House's approach, and both chambers ultimately have to be on the same page to get the legislation across the finish line.

Before adopting Republicans’ budget resolution, senators engaged in an all-night parliamentary marathon that Democrats used to try to force the G.O.P. into politically damaging votes.